Complex 3-D flows at open-channel confluences

Methods: 1. Systematic 3D ADV measurements of the flow field i) at fixed bed confluences with and without a step and ii) at four equilibrium movable bed confluences defined by two discharge ratios and two confluence angles. 2. Statistical derivation and analysis of average velocities fields, turbulence intensities, Reynolds stresses, vorticity, etc. 3. Implementation and validation of different 3D CFD models of open-channel confluences on the basis of the experimental data.